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Mechanical vs. natural (or gravity-based) ventilation: which is better for infection control?

Writer's picture: Mikael DenutMikael Denut

Updated: Jan 27

Ventilation is a key factor in maintaining indoor air quality and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. There are two primary ventilation methods: mechanical ventilation and natural (or gravity-based) ventilation. This article examines how each method works, their advantages and disadvantages, and their suitability for infection control. Read on for a comparison of mechanical and natural ventilation systems.



Natural (gravity-based) ventilation for infection control


How does natural ventilation work?

Natural ventilation relies on simple physical principles. Warmer indoor air rises and exits the building through upper-level ventilation openings or chimneys. As the warm air leaves, a vacuum effect pulls cooler outdoor air inside through openings at lower levels. This continuous airflow helps keep indoor air fresh.


Advantages of natural ventilation

Natural ventilation is simple and quiet, as it does not rely on mechanical devices. It is energy-efficient and environmentally friendly because it uses no electricity. In addition, natural ventilation can improve indoor air quality and provide thermal comfort in mild climates.


Disadvantages of natural ventilation

Natural ventilation can be difficult to control and is dependent on weather conditions. For instance, during cold winter days, it may lead to heat loss, while on hot days, it may be insufficient to cool indoor air. It may also introduce outdoor pollutants, which is a particular concern in urban areas.


For more practical tips and common mistakes to improve indoor air quality at home, see our article: 15 practical tips and 10 common mistakes for improving indoor air quality at home .



Mechanical ventilation for infection control


How does mechanical ventilation work?

Mechanical ventilation uses devices such as fans, ducts, and filters to ensure a continuous flow of fresh air into the building and stale air out. Mechanical ventilation systems can include various components, such as:


  • Fans and ducts: Fans push air through ducts that distribute it into and out of the building.

  • Air intake and exhaust: Fresh air is brought in from outside, and stale air is expelled, usually through the roof or sides of the building.

  • Filters: Air passes through filters that remove dust, pollen, and other particles, improving indoor air quality.


Advantages of mechanical ventilation

Mechanical ventilation provides consistent and controlled airflow, regardless of weather conditions. These systems can improve indoor air quality with filters that remove pollutants and allergens. Mechanical ventilation also helps maintain comfortable temperature and humidity levels year-round and prevents drafts, which are more common in natural ventilation.



Disadvantages of mechanical ventilation

Mechanical ventilation systems consume electricity, increasing energy costs and carbon footprint. They also require regular maintenance, such as cleaning or replacing filters, inspecting fans and ducts, and adjusting control systems. Additionally, mechanical ventilation systems can generate noise, which may be disruptive in quiet environments.


Which is better for infectious disease control?

Ventilation plays a critical role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Mechanical ventilation is often more effective in this regard, as it provides consistent and controlled airflow, which helps remove airborne pathogens. The filters used in mechanical ventilation systems can also capture particles containing viruses and bacteria, further enhancing indoor air quality.


Natural (or gravity-based) ventilation may be sufficient under certain conditions, particularly in areas with good outdoor air quality and weather conditions that support effective ventilation. However, the reliance of natural ventilation on weather and outdoor air quality can make it a less reliable option for infection control.



Mechanical ventilation often offers a better solution for infection control due to its consistent and controlled airflow. Natural ventilation, however, is an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly option that may work well in specific circumstances. When choosing a ventilation system for infection prevention, it is essential to assess the needs and conditions of each building.


At IVAeris Oy, we specialize in designing, maintaining, and improving ventilation systems. If you have questions or need assistance with your ventilation system, contact us for expert advice and solutions.



 

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IVAeris Oy

010 206 3000



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